The number I've always heard is 4% after inflation, but that assumes no capital gains tax. Here is an article [0] that claims 1.9% per year over 30 years after

The number I've always heard is 4% after inflation, but that assumes no capital gains tax. Here is an article [0] that claims 1.9% per year over 30 years after accounting for taxes and inflation. Plugging $0 starting capital, $12,000 addition per year, and 1.9% compounded annually into the compound interest formula yields $480,000 after 30 years. Then keep in mind that owning a home obligates you to pay for property tax, maintenance, and insurance. Of course, there are still some cities where buying is a sensible option [1]. [0] https://www.forbes.com/sites/advisor/2014/04/24/why-the-average-investors-investment-return-is-so-low/#5741bca9111a https://www.forbes.com/sites/advisor/2014/04/24/why-the-aver... [1] https://smartasset.com/mortgage/price-to-rent-ratio-in-us-cities https://smartasset.com/mortgage/price-to-rent-ratio-in-us-ci...