I've been working with German OEMs for years. It was a well-known secret that the regulatory emission tests were a sham and would routinely be circumvented. I

I've been working with German OEMs for years. It was a well-known secret that the regulatory emission tests were a sham and would routinely be circumvented. I personally wasn't aware they actively tried to cheat on the dyno -- the European regulatory tests were so obviously, deliberately weak I didn't expect it was necessary. But, yeah, a lot of people would have had to know (or at least have heard the rumors) about this. Combustion process engineers, requirements engineers, programmers, testers.