It would be the second and even though they may not be necessary, they would still be beneficial. See this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_guarantee https:/

It would be the second and even though they may not be necessary, they would still be beneficial. See this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_guarantee https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_guarantee http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp_732.pdf http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp_732.pdf The rest of the world is finally catching up the advantage we made for ourselves post-WWII and combining that with technological change we're going to be facing a labor market with a lot of (at least frictionally) unemployed people. In that case you do what FDR did and hand them a shovel and tell them to improve their community.