There's an entire branch of the Smalltalk family with no classes, just prototypes, with Self, Python, JS, etc. and there's another branch without prototypes or

There's an entire branch of the Smalltalk family with no classes, just prototypes, with Self, Python, JS, etc. and there's another branch without prototypes or classes, with E, Monte, etc. You're not wrong that Erlang and Scheme are just as much about objects and message-passing as they are about actors. Kay may or may not agree with me, but I like to require a facet he mentioned in another discussion once: The uniform calling interface. This is the property of objects that you may send any message to any object. If you require this, then Java and C++ disqualify themselves neatly.