In the trivial sense, yes of course it could be applied. The real question is "would super-resolution be useful for images from large telescopes?", and I believ

In the trivial sense, yes of course it could be applied. The real question is "would super-resolution be useful for images from large telescopes?", and I believe the answer is "mostly no". I guess (one of) the exception(s) would be if you have many smaller telescopes that could scan the sky much faster than the few big ones, the small ones could use super-resolution techniques to look for objects that the big ones might find interesting. But I think "astronomer time" rather than "telescope time" is usually the limiting factor. Mind you, telescopes already do a host of physical tricks to improve resolution, like sensor cooling, stacking images, adaptive optics with laser guide stars, advanced noise filtering etc. Whether ML super-resolution stuff would actually be useful on top of all those tricks is a question for the astronomers in the crowd.