There is also electrons actually flowing. As far as movement of mass goes, the pneumatic system analogy is a good one. It is not a mathematically identical sy

There is also electrons actually flowing. As far as movement of mass goes, the pneumatic system analogy is a good one. It is not a mathematically identical system. Look, you can just look at how this stuff works. Electrons move randomly, and when there's a current they move on average in a certain direction because the electric field leans that way. That's it. See my link I pasted above, it describes what happens when a current is flowing. A capacitor encoding '0' will have the same number of electrons as when it encodes '1' because that's the way capacitors work. You can read about it at https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor