"We found that African American, Latino, and Pacific Islanders were more likely to work in medically underserved areas than were white physicians (adjusted odds

"We found that African American, Latino, and Pacific Islanders were more likely to work in medically underserved areas than were white physicians (adjusted odds ratio, 1.22-2.25; p < .05)." [1] Though I'm sure bias has a part in the income disparity, I suspect it is less so, relative to other professions, as the fees paid to doctors for each procedure are broadly standardized. Individual doctors' choices of where to practice and what kind of patients to serve may play a larger role. (IMHO, this is a much better justification for affirmative-action programs than other oft-cited justifications.) [1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22708247 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22708247