Hardware RAID does not suffer from the write-hole like MD-RAID does (thanks to on-board supercap-backed non-volatile memory). I can't remember if it was merged

Hardware RAID does not suffer from the write-hole like MD-RAID does (thanks to on-board supercap-backed non-volatile memory). I can't remember if it was merged upstream, but some folks from Facebook worked on a write-back cache for MD-RAID (4/5/6 personalities) in Linux which essentially closes the write-hole too. It allows one to stage dirty RAID stripe data in a non-volatile medium (NVDIMMs/flash) before submitting block requests to the underlying array. On recovery, the cache is scanned for dirty stripes, which are restored before actually using the P/Q parity to rebuild user data. I worked on something similar in a prior project where we cached dirty stripes in an NVDIMM, and also mirrored it on its controller-pair (in a dual-controller server architecture) using NTB. It was a fun project, when neither the PMEM nor the NTB driver subsystems were in the mainline kernel.