I can speak about India. India went from controlling 25% of the world's output in the 1500s to controlling 2% of the world's output in 1947. Till about 1900, In

I can speak about India. India went from controlling 25% of the world's output in the 1500s to controlling 2% of the world's output in 1947. Till about 1900, Indians were banned from starting industries. Just so that you don't think that Indians had no industries, the first Fellow of the Royal Society from India was a shipbuilder [1]. British colonization was devastating for Indian commerce. You can argue that it is only now hobbling back to normalcy. On balance, British did introduce railways, which was instrumental in unifying the country, and a unified legal system. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardaseer_Cursetjee https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardaseer_Cursetjee