>The problem with assertions is that sometimes they mean people get woken up in the middle of the night for an issue that would have been caught hours/days/week

>The problem with assertions is that sometimes they mean people get woken up in the middle of the night for an issue that would have been caught hours/days/weeks before by a statically-typed language. If you don't have 100% test coverage in Python you just can't rule that possibilility out. I say this as a full-time Python engineer and I've been woken up at 3am by things that slipped through testing and would have been caught in (say) Java or C#. For me, carefully placed assertions combined with a comprehensive (but not 100%), test suite nearly always means A) catching the exception with a test or B) a clear production error that indicates a problem with the production environment. I've been woken up plenty by poorly written Java that has had its type system intentionally weakened by terrible coders, meaning lots of detective work. It's a fallacy is that dynamic automatically means weak and static automatically means strict. Assertions aren't just useful in dynamically typed languages. Java would benefit from using them as well.