In the old (not so long ago) military days there were the educated and trained officers directing the enlisted men who were trained to the extent necessary. Th

In the old (not so long ago) military days there were the educated and trained officers directing the enlisted men who were trained to the extent necessary. This model was then repurposed to direct commerical enterprise and while those enterprises consisted of a composite of simple tasks (eg manufacturing) things worked pretty well. The knowledgeable people in charge of the less knowledgeable. However when the tasks become much more complex such as science based enterprises (eg pharmaceuticals and engineering) the model fails. You still need someone to "be in charge", that is, to organize things at a higher level but now the knowledge required to do that is much lower than the knowledge required to do the actual work. And yet the sense still persists that the organizer role is a "higher" position in the organization. Consequently you have situations where a young MBA (for example) is organizing a team of PhD's where he/she thinks they are the "the boss" rather than "the organizer" of the team. And this naturally, can lead to dissension. Health care for example suffers from a lot of this. For these organizations its time to drop the military model and come up with a more practical abstraction with a better mapping to reality.