Depends on your definition of highly stripped, decent replication, performance or bugfixes. If you don't pay Symas money then no, you won't get support, or bug

Depends on your definition of highly stripped, decent replication, performance or bugfixes. If you don't pay Symas money then no, you won't get support, or bugfixes developed for you. However I doubt there is a large performance difference, it's already very efficient so it would be in the single percentage points. As for replication you can do almost anything with the open-source version by combining syncrepl/delta-syncrepl into the topology you want, hell you can do N-way multi-master if you wanted. I'm not sure what you have against using open-source OpenLDAP, maybe you should try it first?