How mismatched are the new services in terms of size? If they are all roughly similar then network effects won't make much of a difference. But for example if

How mismatched are the new services in terms of size? If they are all roughly similar then network effects won't make much of a difference. But for example if one is ten times the size of the others, then I stand by my claim that network effects will result in * shorter wait times for riders (better customer experience) * more money for drivers (shorter waits between riders, so more paid time) * cheaper fares (fixed costs spread over more riders, reducing per rider cost) * more effective loyalty programs (improved ways to earn and spend on them) A larger incumbent can be attacked, with the simplest way of doing it to go more niche - eg serving a smaller area better. Even then the incumbent should have greater ability to react.