SmartMedia and xD flash cards are notionally controller-less in the sense that the electrical interface is just parallel interface of NAND flash chip and all th

SmartMedia and xD flash cards are notionally controller-less in the sense that the electrical interface is just parallel interface of NAND flash chip and all the FTL stuff is done by whatever device it's plugged into. one problem with that is that it requires all the devices to use same FTL logic with the standard one being NDA'd.