EMV tokens and virtual card numbers attempt to mitigate against the re-use factor. 3D secure adds a layer of auth to the regular method (at some expense). Ther

EMV tokens and virtual card numbers attempt to mitigate against the re-use factor. 3D secure adds a layer of auth to the regular method (at some expense). There is a large infrastructure (acceptance, processing, acquiring, clearing, issuing) running on card numbers so the solutions mentioned above all attempt to build on top of them as oppose to replace them with something better. As the logistics of doing so tend to be prohibitive.