Thanks, from reading your comment, I can see that I was a bit loose with the term 'charging voltage' - I was focusing on the internal electrical potential of th

Thanks, from reading your comment, I can see that I was a bit loose with the term 'charging voltage' - I was focusing on the internal electrical potential of the cap or battery(stabilised), but 'charging voltage' should pinpoint the external potential which is applied to the component. In programdudes circuit, the internal and external voltage of the cap are the same, because the cap has no internal resistance modelled. But really the resistive and inductive functions of current stores like caps and batts are what moderates current flow , into or out of from them, and therefore they are what determines suitable charging voltages. The resistive function of a cap is much simpler than a battery, but the capacity of each to store and release current makes their voltage (the ~pressure of their current) persistent in the respect that internal voltage will only change by releasing or storing current. Well there are caveats of course that chemical and other reactions may alter the stores potential over time, but current exchange is the fundamental cause of potential, and purpose of electrical storage. Id like to edit this line but to late now: > its own voltage (the electrical potential created by virtue of its capacitance) It would be better to write "electric potential sustained by virtue of its capacity". For caps vs batteries, the only modelling difference I see between them is their resistance functions - that function in batteries tends to be very complex, approximated very roughly by charging curves. Caps tend to be much simpler, but can still involve significant internal resistance and inductance especially to maximum performance applications. In summary what ive struggled to explain for the record is - the charging(external) voltage of a battery or cap, is only separated by its internal voltage by its internal resistance. A store which will charge moderately at +0.5v above its internal potential, is liable to blow very quickly if 10 or 100 times that voltage is applied.