You have a point -- I note that you did not argue that there is complete mixing in other cities, just that the examples chosen for the OP are particularly stark

You have a point -- I note that you did not argue that there is complete mixing in other cities, just that the examples chosen for the OP are particularly stark. A larger assortment of maps is here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/walkingsf/sets/72157624812674967/with/4981417821/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/walkingsf/sets/721576248126749... They generally show more mixing than the cities featured in the OP. (Cold comfort if you happen to live in Kansas City, Baltimore, St. Louis, or Chicago.) I have lived in Kansas City and in St. Louis, and I agree that they are both more segregated than their peer cities in the, say, top 50 US cities. Certainly in Kansas City, the racial covenants highlighted in the article were very much in force when large land developers expanded the city into its suburbs. It's worth remembering that the racial covenants in force at the time were very popular. Proposition 14 in California, which was specifically written to allow redlining to continue, passed with 65% of the vote in 1964 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_14_(1964) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_14_(196...).