For those still stuck on 2, the most likely culprit is not paying attention to the difference between text and bytes. The required change will be using decode w

For those still stuck on 2, the most likely culprit is not paying attention to the difference between text and bytes. The required change will be using decode when you want text and encode when you want bytes. Not too much trouble for most projects. But it is a tedious change that cannot always be find-replace'd away.