You are right. Array elements need to have value semantics to do complete unboxing. But for NumPy-like use cases, they do. It should be noted that PyPy already

You are right. Array elements need to have value semantics to do complete unboxing. But for NumPy-like use cases, they do. It should be noted that PyPy already does unboxing Animats suggested, without any type annotation. At least for 4 years. It is not theoretical. https://morepypy.blogspot.com/2011/10/more-compact-lists-with-list-strategies.html https://morepypy.blogspot.com/2011/10/more-compact-lists-wit...