Very important questions indeed, while there's no complete answer some data is encouraging. Imaging studies, for example, have shown children treated continuou

Very important questions indeed, while there's no complete answer some data is encouraging. Imaging studies, for example, have shown children treated continuously to early adulthood show more robust brain development (white fiber tracts) vs. untreated subjects. Medication treatment is certainly not harmful in that respect and probably helpful. The role of behavioral therapies is unclear, though practitioners point to instances where that makes a big difference in the outcome. Admittedly it is a hard subject to study systematically given the individualized nature of behavioral treatments. However research is hardly saying that medication is the only factor. Lately, there is a great deal of attention in the field directed to findings that childhood adversity, e.g., abuse, malnutrition, environmental impoverishment contributes greatly to conditions that resemble ADHD. The implication is clear that reducing the negative impacts of inner-city poverty, etc., would have salutary effects on reducing incidence of psychiatric disorders including ADHD. In adults, ADHD sufferers with long-term medication treatment show better functioning than untreated peers (matched for age, sex, education, etc.) if less well than unaffected individuals. Most such studies have used medication therapy as the marker of treatment. So far the contribution of behavioral therapies has been hard to pin down. However, clinical experience is that medication alone is inadequate for adults to improve. The saying is "pills don't build skills". Indeed, guided behavioral practicing is an essential element of ADHD treatment, though optimized medication treatment can be very useful to enhance neurophysiological infrastructure necessary for normalizing functioning. An individually optimized combination of treatment approaches is most likely to be successful, but hard to determine a priori, thus hard to study experimentally. I don't believe my response truly satisfies your excellent question, but I'm very glad to know there are people like you who are thinking intelligently about these problems that affect all of us directly or indirectly.