Mostly the latter two. So Industrial IoT is usually Enterprise sales and price isn't (often) an issue and there is plenty of competition in theory but vendor lo

Mostly the latter two. So Industrial IoT is usually Enterprise sales and price isn't (often) an issue and there is plenty of competition in theory but vendor lock-in prevents easy interop. The big backend software platform vendors often get exclusive partnerships with the hardware vendors which then means if you want to use the device with a different backend you're in for a world of pain. You also have some vendors with massive NIH syndrome so rather than investing in MQTT or COAP they go off and design a new protocol that nobody speaks. At the same time the software is usually just a mix of bad to meh. A lot of companies have retrofitted themselves as SaaS Industrial IoT outfits after having spent 15 years in industrial automation doing something that sort of looks like IoT but isn't. You cannot just pivot so easily - tech, culture, operations etc. I've seen factory control plane agents (the stuff used to make a touch screens in factories that workers monitor to see stats or operate machines) get retrofitted into massive data collection tools that are completely arcane to modify or extend.