Did they introduce theoretically innovative concepts to any of these fields? It's one thing to write a great database that people love, it's whole another to ma

Did they introduce theoretically innovative concepts to any of these fields? It's one thing to write a great database that people love, it's whole another to make a contribution to database theory. And nobody's arguing that people with a formal education are very likely to have the chops either. It's that people who do end up making great contributions are very likely to have a formal education.