A second missing design feature is high ceilings, so the heat rises. A third missing feature is fans, especially ceiling fans. These were introduced in the lat

A second missing design feature is high ceilings, so the heat rises. A third missing feature is fans, especially ceiling fans. These were introduced in the late 1800s and very popular before air conditioning. A fourth solution is on that I read was used in large building in Britain during the Victorian era. Light a fire in the basement. That heats up the local room. The rising heat through the chimneys causes the fireplaces higher up to draw air, giving a cooling breeze in the higher rooms.