One additional reason that I've observed to add to the list: * Declining dominance of the Microsoft/Oracle hegemony in secondary markets During the '90s Micro

One additional reason that I've observed to add to the list: * Declining dominance of the Microsoft/Oracle hegemony in secondary markets During the '90s Microsoft and Oracle were particularly effective at entering emerging markets and pushing their solutions to such a degree that "computer programmer" became synonymous with "Microsoft/Oracle developer". Thus, if you wanted to become a software developer in one of these markets, it meant learning C#/Java, along with all the ecosystem, tooling, and inevitably...lock-in. Fast-forward 20 or so years, and the Open Source movement is finally beginning to crack that shell of lock-in. Anecdotally, when I first moved to Turkey 4 years ago, technology job sites almost exclusively listed C#/Java positions. Today, I know many Python, Ruby, Scala, Go, etc. developers living and working in Turkey, and there's been an explosion of related conferences, trainings, events, etc. The one last hurdle I see that needs to be overcome in these places is the notion that developer education is as much a concern for those that employ developers as for the developers themselves. Pretty much all of the conferences/trainings have to be held over weekends because it is still difficult for developers to get time off during the week to attend. Once that bit of cultural shift happens, I only foresee this trend accelerating.