From what I see, there's a pretty good correlation between the population density map (https://www.britannica.com/place/Canada/images-videos/Population-density-

From what I see, there's a pretty good correlation between the population density map (https://www.britannica.com/place/Canada/images-videos/Population-density-of-Canada/71476 https://www.britannica.com/place/Canada/images-videos/Popula...) and the portion of Canada at least sporadically covered by permafrost. (http://www.enr.gov.nt.ca/state-environment/13-permafrost http://www.enr.gov.nt.ca/state-environment/13-permafrost) In addition to the rather obvious climate this implies (eg, rather cold), from what I understand, building anything on permafrost is very challenging.