Interestingly, the french taxation department used to require you to identify on their website using a certificate, starting in the early 2000s. A few years ag

Interestingly, the french taxation department used to require you to identify on their website using a certificate, starting in the early 2000s. A few years ago they dropped this requirement and you can now login using just an email and password. The certificate-based identification process was really bad UI-wise so going with passwords probably helped them get more people to interact online instead of via paper forms.