To add to the list of the multilayered problem: - Sabotage and subversion. (It is easy to forget to add this one to the list...but there is probably quite a b

To add to the list of the multilayered problem: - Sabotage and subversion. (It is easy to forget to add this one to the list...but there is probably quite a bit of this going on at various levels). - Lack of "Jokers" or lack of the right kinds of them...? [1] [2]. The Jokers bit is interesting. To quote [2], "Jokers are crazy, sadistic bastards who care nothing about the group benefit (so they don't consume it), but they do care about destroying things. They usually do so while cackling and making bad puns. They closely resemble Cesar Romero, Jack Nicholson, or Heath Ledger (depending on the decade), or sound like post-Star Wars Mark Hamill (the best Joker of all time)." Interestingly, in a public goods game involving Cooperators (your good institutional contributors), Defectors (your bad actors), and Jokers, there are three possible outcomes: 1. Without Jokers in the game, Defectors do better than Cooperators. 2. With semi-effective Jokers in the game, an indefinite cycle of (a) Cooperators doing well, then (b) Defectors taking over, then (c) Jokers beating out Defectors happens. 3. With super-effective Jokers in the game, they take over and beat out both Cooperators and Defectors. [1] https://arxiv.org/pdf/1103.3257 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1103.3257 [2] https://thegoodreads.quora.com/Why-The-Joker-and-Not-Batman-is-the-Savior-of-Us-All https://thegoodreads.quora.com/Why-The-Joker-and-Not-Batman-...