In a sense, they are. If we accept that the brain is what gives rise to our perception and personality, and to our experience of ourselves, then it stands to re

In a sense, they are. If we accept that the brain is what gives rise to our perception and personality, and to our experience of ourselves, then it stands to reason that all psychological phenomena arise from a configuration of the brain. It turns out that dumping chemicals into the brain can affect its configuration. But it doesn't follow that the new configuration leads to any more desirable psychological state than the old configuration.