I'm exploring something similar in my project: https://github.com/akkartik/mu https://github.com/akkartik/mu. Where C was designed as a more portable+expressive

I'm exploring something similar in my project: https://github.com/akkartik/mu https://github.com/akkartik/mu. Where C was designed as a more portable+expressive assembly language, Mu is designed as a more portable+safe assembly language. You have to manually manage memory, but you can't ever end up corrupting your heap or using pointers after free. I provide these guarantees by allocating a refcount with every single allocation. The only way to reclaim memory is to clear a pointer. If you happen to still have other pointers to the allocation you won't actually reclaim it. Given this setup I can prototype programs without thinking about memory at all. When my program runs out of memory I start measuring allocations and insert the odd pointer clear at strategic places until I don't, then I continue on my merry way. 99.9% of programs we write don't require thinking of "no memory leaks" as a black-and-white cast-iron guarantee. This setup also provides a really nice teaching experience where students can learn about pointers and write all sorts of programs without ever running into weird bugs due to use-after-free or overflowing bounds. However it adds some overhead akin to a realtime GC: everytime you copy a struct you have to increment refcounts of any pointers nested arbitrarily deep within it (Mu maintains a flattened bitmap for each type to make this not utterly suck). Sum types get even crazier, because you might have a pointer at offset x depending on the state of the tag at offset y, and so on. I'll try to measure the overhead at some point..