There are actually several more alternatives to Javascript. Many languages support compilation to Javascript. For instance consider Haskell, Ruby, Lisp, and Nim

There are actually several more alternatives to Javascript. Many languages support compilation to Javascript. For instance consider Haskell, Ruby, Lisp, and Nim. List of languages that compile to JS: https://github.com/jashkenas/coffeescript/wiki/list-of-languages-that-compile-to-js https://github.com/jashkenas/coffeescript/wiki/list-of-langu... Javascript has become the "C of the Web", like C has become the default "high level assembler" for native programming and embedded systems.