This is not an external benefit. This, if true, should mostly be reflected in people's willingness to take public transport. Of course, people taking public tra

This is not an external benefit. This, if true, should mostly be reflected in people's willingness to take public transport. Of course, people taking public transport are in my experience usually of the most dubious mental health. So that's concerning. What you'll find is that people use public transit in cities where its convenience outweighs the convenience of a car. In cities where that is untrue, only those who can't afford a car use public transit. Which is to say that public transit isn't somehow magically better than auto travel by virtue of some fixed aspect of public transit. It's better when it's better, which may sound like a tautology, but is actually just kind of an obvious truth, evidence for which is available all over the world.