It wasn't that straightforward in Europe either. E.g. in Munich, the tram network was reduced until the 1990s as it was thought underground trains could replace

It wasn't that straightforward in Europe either. E.g. in Munich, the tram network was reduced until the 1990s as it was thought underground trains could replace it. That turned out to be insufficient, so now we have both. But yes, it involves significant public spending.