Yeah, our hardware teams put a lot of qualification time into hardware profiles before we buy in bulk. And part of what we test is power utilization, heat, etc

Yeah, our hardware teams put a lot of qualification time into hardware profiles before we buy in bulk. And part of what we test is power utilization, heat, etc, under normal software loads vs extreme loads, to make sure we don't exceed power budget, don't spin everything up at the same time, etc. This process can take months. A lot of the system design is about talking closely to vendors about MTBF for specific loads, and we use a lot of metric data to characterize our loads accurately in those calculations. Then, of course, we measure once we're in the field to make sure we were on target, so the next round of estimations is better.