> For everyone that gains, someone else loses. How is this untrue in the market? Especially options. Someone is on the other side of this as they aren't based

> For everyone that gains, someone else loses. How is this untrue in the market? Especially options. Someone is on the other side of this as they aren't based on created value. If someone lays out a huge short, it is priced by the likelihood that company goes down, in the event it does in fact go down, either the underwriter or whoever bought calls pays, either directly or indirectly. Also, in the broader market. I don't think it still resembles the, "company with solid fundamentals needs cash for expansion" model, where investors participate in the companies growth because they believe in the product.