"I think the overhead here is the programmer time spent specifying the types in a program" There are different overheads on program structure and verbosity whi

"I think the overhead here is the programmer time spent specifying the types in a program" There are different overheads on program structure and verbosity which goes way beyond type annotations, depending on the language used and the style of the particular developer. For example, in dynamic languages, a single container such as a list can contain any entities and functions can accept any entity as a parameter. Java and C# can achieve this same using just object handles - but in other statically typed languges one either implements several containers and functions, or uses or creates an algebraic datatype using the language native typing (i.e. Scala, F#, etc) or invents ones own which is then utilizes in the container signature or function definition.