I don't have a reference, but bytearray concatenation with some more bytes is amortized O(1) w.r.t. original bytearray size, but for bytes it is O(n) where n is

I don't have a reference, but bytearray concatenation with some more bytes is amortized O(1) w.r.t. original bytearray size, but for bytes it is O(n) where n is the length of the byte string, because bytes are immutable and they are copied to a new byte string on each concatenation. In python2 strings/bytes are also immutable but concatenation is O(1) w.r.t. original string. Not sure about internal implementation differences. so basically whenever you see code like: some_bstr = b'' for something in get_something(): some_bstr += something And if you have to do it this way, make sure that some_bstr is a bytearray or make it a list that you later join.