Since the lines are parallel you can rephrase the problem: A circle of radius L is centered x far away from a border 0<x<L. This is because one end of the need

Since the lines are parallel you can rephrase the problem: A circle of radius L is centered x far away from a border 0<x<L. This is because one end of the needle will always end in some zone (the center) and the other end will be L far away (the circle). How much of the 2pi boundary is outside the zone? When x -> 0 then it's going to be 50% since one boundary line becomes a tangent and the other goes through the middle. When we move x by k (e.g. f(x+k)) then 2k new points will be added on the left side while 2*k points leave the boundary on the right side. When x=L/2 then the boundary lines will split the circle in four equal parts (since they're tangent to the radius at r/2 on both sides) so intuitively its 50%.