Then learn Chef/Puppet or something like that and write/reuse recipes to install and configure whatever you need to configure. I haven't set up an environment

Then learn Chef/Puppet or something like that and write/reuse recipes to install and configure whatever you need to configure. I haven't set up an environment manually in a few years: I simply have my own recipes for the types of apps I'm developing in Chef (most of them just minor tweaks or config changes over existing recipes), my own vagrant boxes (I like different flavors of linux for different types of apps) and so on. Starting a new project implies choosing the necessary recipes, adding them to a vagrant file, 'vagrant up' and wait a few minutes until everything is set up. Done.