One application is electronic circuit verification. A conceptual circuit diagram needs to be mapped to a specific geometry of components and conductive paths be

One application is electronic circuit verification. A conceptual circuit diagram needs to be mapped to a specific geometry of components and conductive paths between them. The verification that the circuit diagram matches the layout is a graph isomorphism problem; you need to ensure that you can assign the pre-layout components to the ones in the specific layout, such that all the edges line up with those in the original diagram.