I agree that "padding" is necessary. It is called estimation because there is some level of uncertainty. Part of your job as a consultant is ensuring that the c

I agree that "padding" is necessary. It is called estimation because there is some level of uncertainty. Part of your job as a consultant is ensuring that the client is aware of and comfortable with this level of risk. I bill by the hour, so my risk is mitigated, while my clients know from experience that I tend to deliver on time and rarely have them go over budget (that is where your estimation ability comes in). If you are doing project-based pricing (as others advocate), then I assume a more significant amount of "padding" is called for, to limit your risk.