What is most astonishing is when and using what mathematics Newton recognized this. The next "big batch" came some 140 (!) years later: Cauchy's work on calculu

What is most astonishing is when and using what mathematics Newton recognized this. The next "big batch" came some 140 (!) years later: Cauchy's work on calculus, Carnot with the second law of thermodynamics and Bolyai's geometry were all created around 1820-1825. That Newton 140 years earlier could pull this off, and it's not like he had vague ideas which we understand today well and just attribute to him -- no, he got the laws and the maths precisely. It is a whole another thing that his work is incredibly hard to understand today mostly because we learn calculus as Cauchy and Weierstrass laid it down. There was a course at our univ which teached Newton's calculus it was incredibly hard, I left it early.