There is a third option: the test is unfairly structured to reduce the number of people Berkeley can put through its PhD program. If Berkeley knows it cannot t

There is a third option: the test is unfairly structured to reduce the number of people Berkeley can put through its PhD program. If Berkeley knows it cannot teach more than x students, yet it consistently enrols y students, then it could use a test to weed out y-x students (regardless of whether those students are capable of completing a PhD).