> "Any sufficiently complicated company w/o management contains an ad hoc, informally-specified, bug-ridden, slow implementation of management." That include c

> "Any sufficiently complicated company w/o management contains an ad hoc, informally-specified, bug-ridden, slow implementation of management." That include companies with management as well. I have yet to work a place where the formal and informal management structure matched. They are usually correlated, sure, but they don't match. You have the manager that have raised to his level of incompetence that is generally ignored, people with a lot more to say than their position should indicate and people working across the company hierarchy in ways that the formal management structure does not suggest. I would in fact say that it is a requirement for a successful company to allow that to happen to some degree.