A Docker container is like chroot, but portable. So yes. You can do docker exec -it $NAME /bin/bash to get a shell in a running container, or docker

A Docker container is like chroot, but portable. So yes. You can do docker exec -it $NAME /bin/bash to get a shell in a running container, or docker run --rm -it $NAME /bin/bash to get a shell in a new container that will remove itself upon exit. Neither of these require your docker host to be local.