Some articles are open access. In one case, for example, they used bomb calorimetry: Bomb calorimetry performed on eight batches ofsimilar formula prepared in

Some articles are open access. In one case, for example, they used bomb calorimetry: Bomb calorimetry performed on eight batches ofsimilar formula prepared in the research kitchen of the Rockefeller University Hospital between April 1988 and July 1990 had a coefficient of variation for Id/g of 1 .9%. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/55/2/350.long http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/55/2/350.long Again, I've seen little evidence of excreting unprocessed calories being a common case. And if we're looking at weight loss anyway, excreting some calories would even be an advantage.