This is a rather strange analogy. Suppose that once this new individual arrives, the rules that I agree with him are "you pay me x percent of your income, and y

This is a rather strange analogy. Suppose that once this new individual arrives, the rules that I agree with him are "you pay me x percent of your income, and you may use my agriculture and infrastructure". In this context you can call it rent. However extend that to an entire country with a ruling class, and you may rename it taxation. When democracy emerges and the ruling class becomes the people, then we are back where we started. While I disagree any implication that the sole basis of taxation should be an assessment of "how much have you used"; I agree that this should be a part of it. If Google benefits from publicly funded UK/Irish IT infrastructure, then it is fair to tax them for the benefit recieved.