However, for the biomedical sciences, you should assume on the order of half of the scholarly, published in refereed journals papers are incorrect. See e.g. th

However, for the biomedical sciences, you should assume on the order of half of the scholarly, published in refereed journals papers are incorrect. See e.g. that essay by a Lancet editor, and the general history of this, which I've been watching since the late '70s. Why? I think it's because this stuff is hard, so many variables, publish or perish, and the fact that while referees for any field can filter out a lot of guff, they have strict limits in their ability to determine correctness. That comes when the results of a paper are used as the basis of further research in other labs.