>" An officer is acting as a tier 1 filter, and then the drug dog is acting as a tier 2 filter, further reducing the number of false positives, which in a "lega

>" An officer is acting as a tier 1 filter, and then the drug dog is acting as a tier 2 filter, further reducing the number of false positives, which in a "legal and ethical" sense, we generally feel are worse than false negatives." If the officer is acting as a filter, then it seems to me like this is a search, and not allowable, because it would be subject to all the usual objections to random searches. You might be right, but if that is the only way for these searches to be better than the officer's guesses, it seems that drug dogs would not be allowed to 'sniff' in public without warrants.